La prévention est obtenue par l'administration de molécules actives, durant les périodes à risques, par la vaccination (des bovins vis-à-vis des theilérioses, du chien vis-à-vis de la babésiose) et par la lutte contre les tiques.
Guillot
pis
Mamelle des femelles de ruminants domestiques.
Bougler/Gallouin
pisciculteur, piscicultrice
Personne qui élève des poissons.
Mariojouls
pisciculture
Terme désignant toutes les formes d'élevage des poissons.
Mariojouls
pissenlit
Plante vivace spontanée en Europe, à fleurs jaunes groupées en capitules, dont les petits fruits secs sont surmontés d'une aigrette qui facilite leur dissémination par le vent, et dont on consomme les feuilles, dentelées, en salade (espèce Taraxacum densleonis, famille des composées). SYN. : dent-de-lion.
La gamme de variétés de pissenlits est limitée à quelques variétés-populations, comme le `Pissenlit amélioré à cœur plein' ou le `Vert de Montmagny amélioré'.
Culture.
L'implantation de la culture se fait par semis de précision en place en fin juin-début juillet, avec un objectif de 18 plantes/m2 pour un blanchiment sur place et de 28 plantes/m2 pour un blanchiment par forçage. A l'entrée de l'hiver, les rangs de semis sont buttés si la culture n'est pas destinée au forçage en salle. Les principales maladies du pissenlit sont l'oïdium, le rhizoctone brun et la pourriture blanche.
Récolte.
Les plantes, blanchies après buttage, sont récoltées de l'automne à la fin de mars avant qu'apparaisse la hampe florale pour un rendement moyen de 18 t/ha. Quant au forçage en salle (production du pissenlit blanc), il est calqué sur celui de l'endive, à l'exception du fait que les racines sont repiquées dans un substrat tourbeux ou sablo-tourbeux et que le forçage dure de 25 à 30 jours. Le rendement varie de 6 à 8 t/ha ; 25 à 35 racines donnent environ 1 kg de produit commercial.
Production.
Le pissenlit est cultivé principalement dans le Nord, la région parisienne et le Saumurois.
Péron
pisse-vin
Sarment de vigne taillé de manière à utiliser tous les yeux fructifères et, par conséquent, à augmenter la production de raisin.
Ce type de taille a pratiquement disparu, en raison du faible degré des vins obtenus.
De Fournas
pissode
Insecte coléoptère voisin de l'hylobe mais plus petit, nuisible, selon l'espèce, aux sapins ou aux pins (genre Pissodes, famille des curculionidés).
L'espèce Pissodes piceæ s'attaque aux sapins, tandis que Pissodes notatus est nuisible aux pins. A l'état larvaire, les pissodes creusent toute l'année des galeries sous l'écorce, empêchant la circulation de la sève et provoquant le dessèchement des tiges. A l'état adulte, seul le pissode du pin est dangereux. Sa piqûre provoque le dépérissement des pousses terminales ; il peut ainsi ravager les jeunes plantations. Il sévit surtout après une attaque de cochenille (en particulier Matsucoccus feytaudi sur le pin maritime), qui provoque l'émission de substances attractives pour lui.
La lutte est essentiellement préventive : abattage et écorçage des arbres affaiblis, dépôt d'arbres ou rondins pièges qui seront détruits. Les traitements chimiques printaniers sont à envisager ponctuellement en cas d'échec des mesures préventives.
Strebler/Raynal
pistil
Partie femelle de la fleur, formée de tous les carpelles. SYN. : gynécée.
Henry
pivoine
Plante vivace d'Europe tempérée, herbacée ou arbustive, cultivée pour sa floraison (genre Paeonia, famille des renonculacées).
On trouve dans la catégorie des pivoines arbustives, à feuilles caduques, Paeonia lutea et Paeonia suffructicosa ainsi que leurs variétés respectives. Parmi les pivoines herbacées, de nombreuses variétés cultivées sont issues de la pivoine des jardins (Paeonia officinalis) ou de la pivoine de Chine (Paeonia lactiflora).
Culture.
Les pivoines poussent sur les sols frais bien drainés, sous une exposition ensoleillée. Leur établissement demande plusieurs années. Elles sont souvent utilisées dans les jardins et fournissent de belles fleurs coupées. Leur multiplication s'effectue par semis ou division de touffes. Le marcottage et le bouturage sont possibles pour les espèces arbustives. Le greffage des variétés s'effectue sur des pivoines herbacées. Les maladies à redouter sont le pourridié, la pourriture blanche, la pourriture grise et la verticilliose. Les boutons qui restent petits et les fleurs qui s'épanouissent mal traduisent une affection physiologique due au froid, à un sol trop sec, à une plantation trop profonde ou à un manque d'engrais.
Dorion
P-K
Sigle qui désigne un engrais contenant du phosphore (P) et du potassium (K).
Roger-Estrade
placenta
Organe reliant le fœtus à l'utérus maternel pendant la gestation.
Résultant de l'intrication plus ou moins intime du chorion et d'une partie de l'utérus, le placenta assure les échanges respiratoires et nutritionnels entre la mère et le fœtus. La disposition de ces zones d'échange varie selon les espèces : discoïde (femme, lapine), zonaire (chienne), cotylédonnaire (vache), diffus (jument, truie).
La qualité des échanges varie avec la structure du placenta. Les échanges sont facilités pour le passage de grosses molécules lorsque le nombre de couches cellulaires entre les sangs maternel et fœtal diminue ; le chorion conserve son intégrité, c'est la partie utérine qui est plus ou moins érodée. La structure la plus primitive (jument, truie) empêche le passage d'anticorps alors que cela est possible dans les espèces plus évoluées (primates).
Mialot
placentation
Mode de fixation des enveloppes fœtales sur l'utérus.
Bougler/Gallouin
plaie
Déchirure des chairs causée par une blessure, une brûlure, un abcès, etc.
Bougler/Gallouin
plan de fumure
Opération prévisionnelle consistant à établir pour chaque parcelle ou groupe de parcelles homogènes le projet de fertilisation annuelle, puis à dresser le projet global de fertilisation de l'exploitation.
Dans un premier temps, l'ensemble des parcelles de l'exploitation est réparti tenant compte des types de sols et des systèmes de culture. À partir de parcelles représentatives, dont on connaît la teneur du sol en différents éléments minéraux, on détermine les doses d'apport, le choix des types d'engrais, les modes et les dates d'épandage suivant les exigences propres à chaque espèce cultivée et à sa place dans la succession des cultures. Il faut penser à tenir compte des éventuels apports des déjections animales. Le plan de fumure se termine par une récapitulation des besoins en engrais pour la totalité de l'exploitation.
Thomas
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