Avec l'irrigation localisée, une irrigation gravitaire (appelée parfois « goutte à goutte »), on n'arrose qu'une faible partie du sol, au voisinage des racines, avec un débit très faible (1 à 8 l/h) et une faible pression (de l'ordre de 1 bar). Les apports sont fréquents et fractionnés, et souvent délivrés automatiquement selon un programme préétabli, voire pilotés à partir de mesures agronomiques et climatiques introduites dans un ordinateur d'arrosage.
Après la station de pompage, le réseau comporte des filtres (une filtration très soignée, par des filtres à sable ou des filtres à tamis, est indispensable) et des canalisations souples munies de « goutteurs » délivrant l'eau « goutte à goutte » près du système racinaire. On trouve aussi parfois, mais plus rarement, des gaines souples assurant le transport et la distribution de l'eau par des orifices de faible diamètre (« ajutages calibrés »), ou même des tubes poreux enterrés laissant suinter l'eau près des racines.
L'irrigation localisée est très économique en eau, mais sa mise en œuvre implique une excellente connaissance des sols, des plantes et des eaux. Les difficultés principales proviennent de l'obturation des goutteurs ou des ajutages et du comportement des sols dans la zone humidifiée (appelée « bulbe »). On s'efforce, en particulier, de maintenir constant le volume du bulbe. Des précautions supplémentaires sont nécessaires dans les terrains très chargés en sels minéraux. Cette technique s'est surtout développée dans des zones arides mais riches (l'état d'Israël par ex.).
Avec l'irrigation fertilisante, ou « fertigation », on utilise parfois le réseau d'irrigation pour distribuer de l'engrais en solution. Cette irrigation fertilisante est pratiquée en irrigation localisée, mais aussi en aspersion dans les pépinières.
L'irrigation, moyen de lutte contre le gel.
En arrosant au moment des chutes de températures (gelées d'avril sous les climats tempérés européens, par ex.), on peut lutter contre le gel des plantes en profitant du caractère exothermique de la transformation physique de l'eau en glace. Les rameaux se gainent d'une mince couche de glace et les tissus végétaux sont protégés du gel quand la température ambiante descend de quelques degrés au-dessous de zéro.
Aubineau
isabelle
Se dit de la robe d'un cheval associant des poils jaunâtres et des crins noirs à une peau noire, des yeux foncés et des extrémités noires hors marques blanches.
Baudouin
islandais
Race ancienne de poneys originaire de Norvège, caractérisée par 2 allures particulières : le tölt (trot à 4 temps) et l'amble (pas latéralisé).
Baudouin
ISO 11783
Norme en cours d'élaboration définissant le bus de communication tracteur-outil.
La publication de la norme ISO 11783, prévue avant 2005, est fondée sur le bus CAN version 2.0B. (version à identificateur long, codé sur 29 bits).
Grenier
issues
Sous-produits des transformations industrielles des produits agricoles.
Longtemps considérées comme négligeables, les issues peuvent devenir des sources intéressantes de profits en même temps qu'elles peuvent, si elles ne sont pas prises en compte, être à l'origine de difficultés (pollutions, nuisances,...). Dans l'industrie de la viande, elles sont constituées de toutes les parties non directement consommables des animaux et ne rentrant pas dans la catégorie des matériels à risques spécifiés : sang des bovins, peau et poils, cornes, etc. Certaines de ces issues, véritables sous-produits, peuvent être revalorisées et devenir des co-produits recherchés : il en est ainsi par exemple de la gélatine en provenance du collagène des os et de la peau, qui est utilisée pour la confiserie, la pharmacie et la photographie. En meunerie, les issues comprennent les sons, les remoulages, les fleurages, les recoupes et les repasses.
Bougler/Gallouin
itinéraire technique
Combinaison logique et ordonnée des techniques mises en œuvre sur une parcelle agricole en vue d'en obtenir une production.
La notion d'itinéraire technique, qui inclut le choix de la variété, met l'accent sur 2 points essentiels : d'une part, il existe de fortes interactions entre les techniques, qui nécessitent qu'elles constituent un ensemble cohérent, en conséquence de quoi on ne peut raisonner le choix d'une technique indépendamment de celui de l'ensemble des autres techniques (par exemple, le choix d'une technique de désherbage doit tenir compte des effets, sur les populations de mauvaises herbes, du travail du sol, de la date et de la densité de semis, etc.) ; d'autre part, on ne peut évaluer et concevoir un ensemble cohérent de pratiques agricoles qu'en référence à un objectif de production (qui peut renvoyer à des considérations économiques, environnementales, d'organisation du travail, de qualité des produits, etc.).
Doré
ivraie
Graminée dont la consommation provoque une légère ivresse (genre Lolium).
Plusieurs espèces d'ivraie sont des adventices, très nuisibles, des cultures de céréales (d'où la nécessité de trier le bon grain de l'ivraie). D'autres comme le ray-grass (ivraie à fleurs nombreuses) sont des plantes fourragères très importantes.
Mazoyer
ixia
Plante bulbeuse originaire d'Afrique du Sud, cultivée pour ses fleurs (espèce Ixia, famille des iridacées).
L'ixia est cultivée pour la production de fleurs coupées, de potées fleuries, ou pour l'ornementation des jardins.
Dorion
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