Par ailleurs, sur toutes les machines, agricoles ou non, des roulements (à billes, à aiguilles, à cônes, à rouleaux, etc.) sont montés au niveau des arbres en rotation dans leurs paliers ; ils ont pour but de réduire les pertes de puissance en substituant des pertes par roulement aux pertes par glissement (relativement plus élevées) qui existeraient si le palier était lisse.
Aubineau
roussin
Race ovine d'herbage, de grand format (brebis de 70 kg), à face brun foncé aux reflets roux, résultant de l'amélioration dans les années 1920 d'une population locale du nord de la Manche par des béliers anglais.
La race, reconnue en 1982, a vu ses effectifs se développer quelque peu (7 500 têtes). Les brebis, prolifiques, bonnes laitières et bien conformées, sont recherchées pour la production en race pure d'agneaux de qualité.
Bougler
rove
Race caprine de Provence, originaire de la région de Marseille, à vocation mixte lait et viande.
De couleur rouge-fauve à rouge acajou et présentant de longues cornes portées haut et en spirale, les chèvres rove pèsent de 50 à 60 kg. Les effectifs de cette race sont aujourd'hui limités (quelques milliers de têtes).
Bougler
ruade
Défense du cheval ou de l'âne qui lève brutalement ses membres postérieurs. VERBE : ruer.
Baudouin
ruche
Enceinte aménagée pour le développement d'une colonie d'abeilles domestiquées.
Les ruches primitives étaient des parties de troncs d'arbres creux. De nombreux types de ruches ont été depuis l'Antiquité, différents selon les pays et les traditions : ruches à rayons fixes en paille ou en vannerie, ruches à cadres mobiles en bois.
Raynal
rucher
Ensemble de ruches réunies par l'apiculteur dans un même emplacement.
Il existe des ruchers de plein air (régions aux hivers doux), des ruchers installés dans des bâtiments (régions septentrionales ou montagneuses), des ruchers fixes ou transhumants (déplacés en fonction des saisons et des floraisons). Dans tous les cas, ils doivent se conformer aux obligations de distance avec la voie publique, selon les arrêtés préfectoraux.
Raynal
rugosité
Accident survenant principalement sur les fruits de la variété de pommier Golden Delicious.
Les fruits atteints de rugosité sont recouverts en partie par une pellicule de cellules liégeuses et sont fortement dépréciés.
La rugosité est due à différents facteurs encore mal définis. Elle peut être provoquée par le froid et l'humidité durant les semaines qui suivent la floraison, par des troubles de la nutrition, par l'application de certaines bouillies antiparasitaires caustiques ainsi que par certains virus (les altérations de l'épiderme des fruits se présentent alors sous forme soit de taches, soit d'anneaux liégeux).
Roger-Estrade
rumen
Le plus grand des réservoirs gastriques des ruminants, ayant une capacité égale à plus de 50 % de la capacité totale de l'appareil digestif. SYN. : herbier, panse.
Le rumen ralentit le transit digestif et abrite une importante population microbienne, qui favorise la digestion des aliments cellulosiques.
Bougler/Gallouin
ruminant
Mammifère caractérisé par le comportement alimentaire de rumination et dont l'estomac est composé de plusieurs poches.
Les premières poches permettent la digestion microbienne des aliments ; elles sont au nombre de 2 chez les camélidés et de 3 (rumen ou panse, réseau ou bonnet, et feuillet) chez les bovidés, cervidés et antilopidés. La dernière (caillette) est le siège, comme chez les monogastriques, d'une digestion chimique et enzymatique.
La présence de micro-organismes dans le rumen-réseau permet notamment la digestion partielle des composés glucidiques, de nature pariétale et cytoplasmique, des aliments végétaux ingérés (herbivores). Ces phénomènes de digestion microbienne des glucides alimentaires dans les réservoirs gastriques sont beaucoup plus efficaces que ceux que l'on observe dans la partie distale du tube digestif (cæcum et gros intestin). Ils conduisent à la production dans ces compartiments de chaînes carbonées courtes, appelées acides gras volatils (AGV), qui sont absorbées par la muqueuse digestive et constituent une partie importante de l'apport énergétiques du ruminant.
La digestion microbienne dans le rumen-réseau, d'une part, et l'activité de mastication pendant la prise alimentaire (ingestion) et la rumination, d'autre part, conduisent à la réduction des particules alimentaires (comminution) permettant leur transit dans la suite du tube digestif.
Les micro-organismes du rumen, qui utilisent les constituants des aliments ingérés par le ruminant pour assurer leurs propres synthèses, élaborent ainsi des acides aminés de haute valeur biologique et des vitamines, notamment du groupe B. Les corps microbiens, transitant avec les digesta, sont digérés par le ruminant au niveau de la caillette et de l'intestin, permettant l'absorption par l'animal hôte de ces substances intéressantes pour son métabolisme. Ainsi, grâce à leurs capacités à valoriser des sources alimentaires renouvelables (végétaux herbacés), les ruminants constituent des interfaces indispensables entre l'homme et des formes d'énergie qu'il ne peut pas utiliser directement.
Schmidely
rumination
Comportement alimentaire propre aux animaux ruminants consistant à faire remonter dans la cavité buccale des aliments encore grossiers stockés dans le réseau et le rumen. SYN. : mérycisme.
Cette 2e mastication permet une insalivation abondante, qui apporte du bicarbonate de soude pour tamponner le pH du rumen, et la réduction des particules alimentaires en éléments fins (inférieurs à 1 mm) pouvant passer dans le feuillet et la caillette.
Gallouin
rusticité
Qualité d'un animal ou d'une plante rustique.
Roger-Estrade
rustique
Se dit d'une plante ou d'un animal qui résiste bien à des conditions climatiques difficiles ou aux maladies et qui est peu exigeant en matière d'alimentation.
Les animaux rustiques ont généralement des niveaux de production peu élevés. Mais il sont intéressants pour l'exploitation des faibles ressources fourragères des zones de montagne ou des zones semi-arides.
Bougler/Gallouin
rutabaga
Type de chou-navet à chair jaune, adapté aux zones froides et humides de l'Europe de l'Ouest (espèce Brassica napus, famille des brassicacées). SYN. : rave.
Péron
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