La décomposition de la matière organique est très lente et surtout assurée par l'activité des champignons : on trouve donc dans les horizons humifères de surface beaucoup de filaments mycéliens. L'incorporation de la matière organique dans les horizons sous-jacents ne peut se faire que par entraînement de composés organiques solubles.
On trouve ces sols dans les zones où les conditions sont très défavorables à toute activité faunique : très forte acidité du sol, présence de végétaux à résidus très difficilement biodégradables ou à sécrétions toxiques, climat très froid ou engorgement prolongé (on parle alors d'hydromor).
MCGirard
morille
Champignon ascomycète des bois et des montagnes apparaissant au printemps, à chapeau creux à l'aspect d'éponge et à pied blanc, toxique cru mais comestible cuit (genre Morchella, famille des morchellacées).
Il existe plusieurs espèces de morilles, parmi lesquelles on peut citer la morille commune, ou morille noire (Morchella vulgaris), et la morille blonde, ou morille ronde (M. conica).
Champignons très recherchés, les morilles apparaissent généralement de la fin mars à la mi-mai. Dans une première phase, le mycélium des morilles conquiert les sols dénudés pour diverses raisons, d'où des sorties massives qui ne se renouvellent pas. Par la suite, le mycélium établit des relations stables avec les racines de certains arbres, au voisinage desquels apparaissent régulièrement quelques carpophores au printemps.
La morille ne doit jamais être consommée crue. Elle contient en effet des toxines qui détruisent les globules rouges, et qui ne sont détruites que par la chaleur ou la dessiccation. Il ne faut pas la confondre avec un champignon voisin, le gyromitre, ou fausse morille (Gyromitra esculenta), qui peut être dangereux.
La culture des morilles, tentée depuis plus de cent ans, reste aléatoire.
Raynal
morphologie
1. En biologie, étude de la forme et de la structure des organismes vivants. 2. Description et analyse du relief terrestre actuel et ancien pour étudier son passé et son devenir.
La morphologie prend en compte les énergies qui ont permis la mise en place des diverses formes morphologiques et dégage les principaux agents qui sont la cause de leurs évolutions. On distingue, par exemple : le badland : région dépourvue de végétation, présentant des ravines nombreuses et étroites et des crêtes escarpées, qui résulte d'une érosion intense sur des terres souvent argileuses ou marneuses ; le glacis : surface géomorphologique faiblement inclinée (0,5 à 5 %), aplanie localement et dont le profil en long est légèrement concave ; le cône de déjection : à l'aval d'un talweg, accumulation de matériaux ; la terrasse : surface géomorphologique plane résultant de l'accumulation de matériel fluvial et/ou colluvial, dégagé par une entaille ultérieure ; la montagne : forme géomorphologique de dénivellation supérieure à 300 m et de pente moyenne supérieure à 30 % ; la colline : forme géomorphologique de dénivellation inférieure à 300 m et de pente inférieure à 30 % ; le plateau : forme géomorphologique de dénivellation inférieure à 50 m et de pente de 0 à 8 %, incisée par des talwegs ; la plaine : forme géomorphologique de faible dénivellation et dont la pente est comprise entre 0 et 4 %, non incisée par des talwegs.
MCGirard
morsure
1. Action de mordre. 2. Meurtrissure ou plaie faite en mordant.
Le principal danger des morsures est la transmission au sujet mordu des germes présents dans la gueule et sur les dents de l'animal qui a mordu (chien, chat, etc.). La désinfection par des antiseptiques de la plaie consécutive à une morsure est suffisante pour se prémunir contre la septicémie et le tétanos. En revanche, les risques de transmission de la rage justifient, après une morsure, la mise en observation de l'animal qui a mordu (un chien mordeur, par exemple, doit subir 3 examens antirabiques espacés de 7 jours).
Brugère
mortalité
Mort d'un certain nombre d'animaux, provoquée par la même cause, ou ensemble des morts survenues pendant une période de temps déterminée.
Bougler/Gallouin
morula
Troisième stade du développement embryonnaire.
Chavatte/Palmer
morve
Maladie contagieuse des équidés, transmissible à l'homme, due à Actinobacillus mallei et caractérisée par l'apparition d'ulcères de la peau et des muqueuses nasales.
Maladie mortelle, légalement réputée contagieuse, la morve est présente en Europe de l'Est et en Afrique du Nord. Son diagnostic se fonde sur l'injection de malléine (malléination) dans le derme des paupières.
Brugère
mosaïque
1. Symptôme de nombreuses maladies à virus des plantes, se manifestant par des taches de diverses couleurs à contours nets sur les feuilles. 2. Nom donné aux maladies qui provoquent ce symptôme.
Raynal
moteur
Système transformant une énergie quelconque en énergie mécanique.
En agriculture, les moteurs utilisés font ou ont fait appel au vent (moulins à vent, éolienne), à l'eau (moulins à eau), à l'électricité, à des énergies d'origine fossile ou à des énergies renouvelables (bois).
Les moteurs thermiques agricoles à combustion interne sont, en France, surtout des moteurs Diesel, à 4 temps, allumage par compression, injection directe et vitesse de rotation relativement faible (2 000 à 3 000 tr/min). Utilisant du gazole comme combustible, ils équipent les tracteurs et les installations fixes. Les moteurs à essence sont rares, sauf sur les petits matériels (motoculteurs, motohoues) de moins de 10 kW.
Pour améliorer les performances des moteurs Diesel de forte puissance (plus de 100 kW) équipant certains tracteurs agricoles, on fait de plus en plus appel à la suralimentation : l'air est introduit dans les cylindres à l'aide d'un turbocompresseur entraîné à très grande vitesse (de l'ordre de 100 000 tr/min) par les gaz d'échappement. Le rendement est encore amélioré par refroidissement préalable (inter-cooling) de l'air introduit dans les cylindres.
Les moteurs électriques sont très largement utilisés en agriculture pour les installations fixes (machines de conditionnement ou de distribution des aliments du bétail, machines à traire), pour les appareils de manutention à la ferme (élévateurs, vis d'Archimède), pour les ventilateurs (séchoirs), pour les petits engins horticoles (motohoues, tondeuses à gazon) et pour les petits matériels portés manuellement (tronçonneuses, tailleuses de haies).
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