Les machines modernes combinent les deux actions : chocs et friction. Bien que l'invention du batteur mécanique date de la fin du XVIIIe siècle (batteur de Meikle, 1735), le battage mécanique s'est surtout développé vers la fin du XIXe siècle, avec l'apparition des machines à vapeur d'abord, puis des moteurs électriques et des moteurs à combustion interne. La batteuse était déplacée de ferme en ferme et les chantiers de battage ont longtemps constitué une pratique sociologique importante dans les campagnes (travail en commun et rassemblements festifs de fin de battage). Le moissonnage-battage, qui s'est développé en France à partir de 1927 mais ne s'est pas généralisé avant la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, a permis d'associer l'opération de coupe à celle du battage, augmentant considérablement la productivité du travail, compensant ainsi la pénurie de main-d'œuvre liée à l'exode rural.
Aubineau/RE
battance
Phénomène par lequel les premiers centimètres du sol se désagrègent sous l'action des pluies.
Les gouttes d'eau délitent les agrégats de sol par effet d'impact. Les éléments fins (sables, limons) arrachés s'accumulent alors dans les interstices entre les agrégats et les dépressions du microrelief. La porosité du sol est progressivement comblée. Lorsque la fermeture de la porosité est complète, la surface apparaît glacée, recouverte d'une croûte de sol appelée croûte structurale. L'infiltrabilité du sol est alors nulle et l'eau s'accumule en surface. Si la pluie continue, des flaques se forment dans lesquelles les particules de sol se mettent en suspension. Lorsque la pluie cesse, ces particules se déposent à la surface du sol et forment sur la première une seconde croûte, dite croûte sédimentaire. Si la pluie reprend, l'infiltration étant nulle, il y a ruissellement et, éventuellement, début d'un phénomène d'érosion hydrique.
Si le phénomène se produit après le semis et avant la germination des graines et la levée des plantules, la présence de la croûte de battance peut fortement compromettre la réussite de l'implantation de la culture : elle forme en effet un obstacle mécanique à la levée et empêche l'air et l'eau de circuler dans le lit de semence. La perte de plantes peut être très importante, amenant dans certains cas à ressemer la culture.
Les sols sont plus ou moins sensibles à la battance, selon leur proportion d'argile et d'humus : plus la teneur en argile est faible (et la teneur en limons et sables fins élevée), plus le sol est sensible. Cette sensibilité s'accroît encore si la teneur en humus s'abaisse. La présence de calcaire a également un effet positif sur la résistance à la battance. Le phénomène dépend aussi de l'intensité et de la durée des pluies. Enfin, le degré d'affinement de la surface (lit de semence) conditionne la vitesse de fermeture de la porosité : plus les mottes sont petites, plus cette fermeture interviendra rapidement. Pour protéger les sols, il importe de surveiller dans ceux qui sont sensibles l'évolution de la teneur en matière organique. On peut également maintenir en surface une couche protectrice formée des résidus de la culture précédente ou mettre en place, pendant les périodes à risque, une plante d'interculture.
MCGirard
batte
Barre métallique cannelée, fixée sur le batteur d'une moissonneuse-batteuse parallèlement à l'axe, agissant par choc et par froissement sur les épis pour en extraire les grains.
Aubineau
batterie
Réunion de plusieurs éléments identiques ou, en aviculture et en cuniculiculture, ensemble de cages, généralement métalliques, dans lesquelles se pratique l'élevage intensif.
DUVAUX-PONTET
batteuse
Machine à poste fixe servant à égrener les céréales et autres plantes à graines.
La récolte est introduite entre un batteur rotatif tournant à grande vitesse (500 à 1000 t/min) et une grille enveloppante appelée contre-batteur (les plantes sont frappées et froissées, les grains se détachent et traversent le contre-batteur). Un système de nettoyage formé de grilles superposées soumises au courant d'air d'un ventilateur permet de séparer les grains des éléments légers (balles, pailles, etc.).
Dans les pays riches, la batteuse a disparu, remplacée par la moissonneuse-batteuse, sauf pour égrener le maïs récolté en épis. En Asie, le riz est encore très souvent battu par des batteuses à poste fixe, actionnées par des ouvriers agissant sur un pédalier, ou par des petits moteurs thermiques. En Afrique et en Amérique du Sud, des petites batteuses à main ou à moteur servent à égrener le maïs, le mil, le millet, le sorgho, etc.
Aubineau
baudet
Âne mâle destiné à la reproduction.
Baudouin
bauxite
Principal minéral d'aluminium.
La bauxite est composée d'oxydes ou hydroxydes d'alumine (bœhmite, gibbsite), ou de fer (gœthite). Elle provient de l'altération des feldspaths et d'une évolution pédologique ancienne.
MCGirard
bayeux
Race porcine créée au XIXe siècle par croisement entre le porc local normand et le porc noir anglais berkshire.
Ce porc blanc à taches noires, adapté au plein air, que l'on trouve encore en Normandie et en Pays de Loire, fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'un programme de conservation.
Bougler
bazadaise
Race bovine originaire des coteaux du Bazadais et du nord des Landes.
D'un bon format (poids des vaches : 700 kg), dotée d'excellentes qualités maternelles et d'une bonne conformation, la bazadaise, dont les effectifs sont aujourd'hui modestes (2 500 vaches), est présente dans le Sud-Ouest, où elle est utilisée pour la production de viande de qualité.
Bougler
B.C.G.
Sigle de « bacille de Calmette et Guérin », utilisé comme vaccin antituberculeux chez l'homme.
Le B.C.G. est le bacille agent de la tuberculose bovine ayant perdu sa virulence par culture sur de la pomme de terre biliée. La vaccination au B.C.G. est interdite chez les bovins car les animaux vaccinés réagissent ensuite à la tuberculine comme s'ils étaient tuberculeux.
Mazoyer
béarnaise
Ancienne race bovine du Béarn, autrefois exploitée pour le lait et le travail, faisant aujourd'hui l'objet d'un programme de conservation.
Bougler
bec
Organe saillant de la tête des oiseaux comprenant les mâchoires (bec osseux) et leur revêtement corné (bec corné).
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