Cette chaleur latente de fusion (0,34 106 J/kg) est beaucoup plus faible (environ 8 fois) que celle de vaporisation. Au niveau de la biosphère, surtout pour des échelles allant de l'année aux millénaires, elle joue un rôle tampon considérable, ralentissant le refroidissement de la planète en absorbant de l'énergie sous forme de glace, puis ralentit le réchauffement lors de la fusion de cette glace en restituant cette énergie. Cet effet est utilisé pour lutter contre le gel : par aspersion d'eau qui se congèle dès que la température des surfaces descend au-dessous de 0 oC, il est possible de maintenir les surfaces végétales au voisinage de 0 oC et d'éviter les dégâts dus au gel (qui ne sont significatifs que pour des températures négatives). C'est un moyen de lutte très efficace contre le refroidissement nocturne en période critique de cultures comme la vigne ou les arbres fruitiers.
Perrier
chaleur latente de vaporisation de l'eau
Énergie prélevée par le passage de l'eau liquide (surfaces d'eau, sols plus ou moins humides ou végétation toujours riche en eau) à l'état de vapeur.
Cette énergie consommée (Lv), de 2,46 106 J/kg (soit l'énergie solaire moyenne reçue pendant 1 h par une belle journée d'été), est rétrocédée lors du changement inverse, la condensation. Ce phénomène très énergétique est essentiel dans le cycle de l'eau et les bilans d'énergie aux échelles allant de la journée à l'année ; il est aussi très utilisé pour le refroidissement (climatisation), en particulier de serres.
Perrier
chaleur vitale
Chaleur dégagée par un animal à jeun, correspondant à la dépense d'énergie nécessaire à son maintien en vie.
La chaleur vitale correspond au métabolisme de base.
Brugère
chamaecyparis
Arbre ou arbuste résineux, originaire d'Amérique et d'Extrême-Orient, utilisé comme ornemental (genre Chamaecyparis, famille des cupressacées). SYN. : faux cyprès.
Les chamaecyparis diffèrent des cyprès (genre Cupressus) par leur meilleure résistance au froid et leurs rameaux plats disposés suivant un plan proche de l'horizontale. Ce sont les conifères les plus cultivés en Europe pour leurs espèces et variétés aux allures très diverses (coniques, élancées, naines, étalées) et aux coloris variés (bleus, verts, dorés, jaunes).
Principales espèces.
Le cyprès de Lawson, ou chamaecyparis de Lawson (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), est rustique, peu exigeant, mais préfère les sols frais et bien drainés. Il a donné naissance à plus de 200 cultivars. Il fournit un excellent bois de charpente et de menuiserie. De nombreuses variétés horticoles ont été obtenues à partir du chamaecyparis de Nutka (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) : à feuillage doré (aurea), vert glauque (glauca) ou argenté (argentea variegata) ; à ramules pendantes (pendula) ou naines et buissonnantes (compacta).C. obtusa a donné beaucoup de cultivars nains (crispi, au feuillage doré, gracilis, au feuillage très fin). Les variétés obtenues en horticulture à partir de Chamaecyparis pisifera sont souvent des arbustes nains.
Culture.
Les chamaecyparis aiment les terrains bien drainés, frais, légèrement ombragés ; ils craignent les terres calcaires et sèches. Les vents desséchants nuisent à leur reprise. Les cultivars dorés ne développent leur couleur qu'avec une insolation minimale. Ces arbres se multiplient par semis au printemps, mais le bouturage sous brumisation est préférable pour de nombreuses variétés (il se pratique en serre, au printemps ou en hiver entre 16 et 18 oC).
Maladies.
Les chamaecyparis redoutent particulièrement les maladies cryptogamiques dues aux champignons Pestalozzia funerea et, surtout, Phytophthora cinnamoni. Le premier provoque le dessèchement de certains rameaux, le second le dépérissement des arbres entiers. Plusieurs traitements annuels à l'aide de fongicides permettent d'enrayer cette maladie.
Dorion
chambre froide
Pièce maintenue à basse température, servant généralement à la conservation des denrées périssables.
Aubineau
chameau
Mammifère ongulé de la famille des camélidés élevé dans les régions désertiques d'Asie (notamment en Chine) pour le transport de marchandises et la production de viande et de poils. u On nomme chamelle la femelle et chamelon le petit du chameau.
Le chameau (Camelus bactrianus) est un animal lourd, à 2 bosses, dont le sous-poil, très abondant l'hiver (d'où sa résistance au froid), tombe l'été. Les poils de chameau, récoltés par peignage lors de la mue, sont classés parmi les fibres textiles spéciales (fibres d'origine animale autres que la laine de mouton) ; ils sont très prisés par l'industrie pour la confection d'étoffes légères.
Allain
champ
Étendue de terre cultivable.
Un champ peut n'être qu'un fragment de parcelle cadastrale, ou au contraire le regroupement de plusieurs parcelles cultivées d'un seul tenant.
Les géographes et les historiens distinguent les champs clos (bocage) des champs ouverts (openfields) et décrivent la forme et l'agencement des champs dans le paysage : en mosaïque, en puzzle, en damier, en lanières... Ces différents types d'agencement révèlent des modes d'utilisation du territoire qui varient d'une région à l'autre pour des raisons liées au milieu naturel, mais aussi aux pratiques de culture et d'élevage, à la propriété et aux droits d'usage de la terre. En Anjou, le terme « champ » désigne une terre non inondable, et les bas-champs picards sont des terres marécageuses situées sous le niveau de la mer, dont ils sont protégés par une digue.
Roger-Estrade
champagnisation
Méthode permettant de transformer un assemblage de vins tranquilles en champagne. SYN. : méthode champenoise.
La champagnisation comprend une succession d'étapes dont la première est la cueillette, obligatoirement manuelle pour bénéficier de l'appellation champagne. Le temps qui s'écoule entre cette dernière et le pressurage doit être le plus court possible, afin d'éviter une coloration des moûts. Le pressurage est lui-même réglementé. Une unité de pressage porte sur 4 000 kg de raisins grappes entières et, depuis 1992, ne peut donner que 20,5 hl de moût (10 pièces) et 5 hl de taille. Les moûts extraits sont chaptalisés et mis en cuve pour fermentation éthylique et, dans la plupart des cas, malo-lactique, pour aboutir aux vins tranquilles.
>
We Care About Your Privacy
We and our 878 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting "I Accept" enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under "we and our partners process data to provide," whereas selecting "Reject All" or withdrawing your consent will disable them. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the ["privacy preferences"] link on the bottom of the webpage [or the floating icon on the bottom-left of the webpage, if applicable]. Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our partners process data to provide:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
About Your Privacy
Your Privacy
Targeting Cookies
Functional Cookies
Performance Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Store and/or access information on a device 712 partners can use this purpose
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 846 partners can use this purpose
Use precise geolocation data 267 partners can use this special feature
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 139 partners can use this special feature
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 545 partners can use this special purpose
Deliver and present advertising and content 546 partners can use this special purpose
Match and combine data from other data sources 388 partners can use this feature
Link different devices 345 partners can use this feature
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 519 partners can use this feature
Save and communicate privacy choices 367 partners can use this special purpose
Your Privacy
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
More information
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Store and/or access information on a device 712 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 846 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 664 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 533 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 530 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 236 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 210 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 769 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 382 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 483 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 575 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 144 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 267 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 139 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 545 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 546 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 388 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 345 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 519 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 367 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
