• soit A, B et C décident ensemble de « compenser » leurs obligations, c'est-à-dire d'annuler leurs dettes réciproques.
La technique de la compensation s'est surtout développée dans le cadre des chambres de compensation interbanques : les banquiers de la City de Londres ont inauguré cette technique au xixe siècle en se réunissant pour annuler leurs obligations réciproques plutôt que d'opérer des transferts d'argent longs et risqués
J. R.
Compétitivité
Capacité des firmes de vendre leur production sur des marchés ouverts à la concurrence internationale, tout en proposant un prix qui couvre au minimum l'ensemble des coûts supportés pour réaliser cette vente.
La compétitivité prix est liée à la contrainte des firmes de proposer un prix au plus égal au prix pratiqué sur le marché considéré et qui est lui-même influencé par l'intensité de la demande. Elle dépend des coûts de la firme, c'est-à-dire de la rémunération et de la productivité des facteurs de production qu'elle utilise : travail, capital mais également infrastructures publiques. Elle est également déterminée par le taux de change. La compétitivité hors prix dépend de la capacité des firmes d'influencer les conditions du marché en modifiant la qualité du bien ou en en modifiant les caractéristiques.
Il n'existe pas de consensus parmi les économistes pour cerner les limites du concept de compétitivité. Pour certains, comme Paul Krugman, il ne peut être appliqué qu'aux entreprises et il n'est pas transposable aux nations. Le commerce extérieur dépend de facteurs macroéconomiques qui échappent aux entreprises. Pour d'autres, la compétitivité des nations est liée à leur capacité d'accroître leur part sur les marchés mondiaux tout en maintenant l'équilibre de leur balance commerciale
J.-M. S.
➙ Exportation, importation
Complexe militaro-industriel
Groupe d'intérêt constitué par la hiérarchie militaire et les industriels de l'armement au sein d'un même pays (à l'origine, aux États-Unis).
Inventé dans les années 1960, alors que la guerre du Viêt Nam bat son plein, ce terme met en évidence l'existence d'une coordination entre les responsables de la défense des États-Unis et les industriels de l'armement, bien que les premiers soient des fonctionnaires chargés de veiller aux intérêts de l'État, et les seconds, des représentants du secteur privé, ayant pour objectif de réaliser des bénéfices. Les organisations publiques et privées liées à la guerre apparaissent alors comme une entité autonome et défendant des intérêts communs : par exemple, la mise au point d'armes toujours plus sophistiquées, supposées améliorer l'efficacité de l'armée tout en profitant aux entreprises qui les produisent. Certains ont été jusqu'à soupçonner la hiérarchie militaire et l'industrie d'œuvrer ensemble pour la poursuite du conflit vietnamien, de façon occulte et hors de tout contrôle des institutions démocratiques.
Par extension, on qualifie de complexe militaro-industriel tout ensemble fort constitué par une armée et ses fournisseurs (par exemple, dans l'ex-URSS). Mais celui des États-Unis, qui possèdent le plus important budget militaire du monde, reste le plus puissant. Ce pays est le premier exportateur d'armement, et ses deux principaux industriels, Boeing-McDonnell-Douglas et Lockheed Martin, occupent les deux premières places du classement mondial
A.-M. R.
➙ Défense, (J. K.) Galbraith
Comportement
Type de réactions et de décisions d'un agent économique (consommateur, entreprise, gouvernement) en fonction de celles des autres agents ou des événements qui s'imposent à lui.
Le prix d'un ordinateur portable est pour chaque individu un paramètre dont la valeur dépend de décisions qui lui échappent tout à fait : la stratégie commerciale des entreprises informatiques, le fait que les employés de bureau ou les étudiants soient ou non obligés de s'équiper en ordinateurs portables, etc. Le comportement individuel consiste ici à décider à partir de quel prix on va acheter un ordinateur portable, compte tenu des autres biens que l'on peut acheter et de son revenu disponible.
Le comportement des entreprises est dominé par la recherche du profit maximum. Un fabricant d'ordinateurs portables ne peut pas décider seul du prix et de la qualité de son produit, il doit tenir compte de ce que font ses concurrents et du désir de la clientèle.
Le gouvernement a, lui aussi, un comportement économique. Il doit respecter une contrainte budgétaire, mais ses choix restent importants : augmenter les impôts (et lesquels ?) ou les emprunts ; augmenter la dépense publique ou les salaires des fonctionnaires, etc.
Le comportement de chacun tient compte du prix qui résulte du marché et, en retour, ce prix dépend de l'ensemble des comportements des intervenants du marché
F. E.
➙ Contrainte budgétaire, prix
Comptabilité
Ensemble de techniques servant à déterminer et contrôler les résultats d'un agent (entreprise, ménage, administration), à guider ses actes en fonction de son environnement et des objectifs qu'il se fixe.
Avant 1200 environ et la découverte de la comptabilité en partie double, on ne connaissait qu'une comptabilité « de caisse », héritée des Romains, qui n'enregistrait que les flux monétaires (entrées et sorties d'argent) et ne pouvait donc donner qu'un résultat à la fin de la durée de vie de l'investissement, voire de l'entreprise (par sommation des recettes et des dépenses).
De nos jours, on utilise principalement les techniques dites de la comptabilité en partie double, plus adaptées aux objectifs de la gestion des entreprises. On peut distinguer quatre types principaux de comptabilités en partie double : « économique », « juri-dique », « fiscale » et « actuarielle ».
• La comptabilité « économique » – les Anglo-Saxons l'appellent « financière », les Allemands, « dynamique », les Français, souvent « analy- tique » – a pour objet la mesure de la performance de l'entreprise (institution), plus particulièrement de sa rentabilité. Elle remplit cet objectif en comparant les actifs (évalués à leur coût d'acquisition ou de production) au résultat (produits moins charges).
>
We Care About Your Privacy
We and our 872 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting "I Accept" enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under "we and our partners process data to provide," whereas selecting "Reject All" or withdrawing your consent will disable them. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the ["privacy preferences"] link on the bottom of the webpage [or the floating icon on the bottom-left of the webpage, if applicable]. Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our partners process data to provide:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
About Your Privacy
Your Privacy
Targeting Cookies
Functional Cookies
Performance Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Store and/or access information on a device 709 partners can use this purpose
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 838 partners can use this purpose
Use precise geolocation data 267 partners can use this special feature
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 137 partners can use this special feature
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 540 partners can use this special purpose
Deliver and present advertising and content 546 partners can use this special purpose
Match and combine data from other data sources 385 partners can use this feature
Link different devices 341 partners can use this feature
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 515 partners can use this feature
Save and communicate privacy choices 363 partners can use this special purpose
Your Privacy
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
More information
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some or all of these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Store and/or access information on a device 709 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 838 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 655 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 528 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 524 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 234 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 206 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 759 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 377 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 483 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 571 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 144 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 267 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 137 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 540 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 546 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 385 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 341 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 515 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 363 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.