Dans la théorie économique classique, la rente joue un rôle particulier. Selon D. Ricardo, il existe une « rente différentielle » qui dépend de la fertilité plus ou moins grande du sol : les propriétaires des meilleurs sols peuvent alors exiger une rente d'autant plus élevée que le besoin de terres cultivables augmente. La part de la rente foncière augmente ainsi à long terme dans le revenu national, au détriment des profits et donc, selon l'auteur, de la croissance économique, car l'accumulation du capital se ralentit
P. L.
➙ Rentier, (D.) Ricardo
Rentier
Bénéficiaire d'une rente, liée à la propriété d'une ressource rare, dont le revenu ne dépend pas du travail de son propriétaire ni du risque encouru.
Un propriétaire foncier qui détient la terre et la loue à des fermiers, l'héritier d'un terrain qui le vend à un promoteur immobilier, le détenteur de titres financiers qui se contente de toucher passivement des intérêts ou des dividendes... sont des rentiers.
J. M. Keynes préconisa « l'euthanasie des rentiers », dont le comportement parasitaire ou spéculatif réduit selon lui la part des revenus consacrés à l'investissement productif de richesses et d'emplois
P. B.
➙ Rente
Répartition (système par)
Technique de financement des systèmes de retraite et de prévoyance.
Cette technique consiste à répartir les cotisations de l'ensemble des membres actifs du groupe (régime de retraite, système d'assurance) entre les retraités (ou victimes de sinistres) du groupe, sans proportionnalité directe avec le montant des sommes cotisées par ceux-ci. Le système de répartition s'oppose au système par capitalisation. Il est actuellement pratiqué par le régime de retraites français
S. G.
➙ Capitalisation (système par), retraite
Répartition des revenus
Analyse de la place occupée par différentes catégories de revenus dans une économie nationale.
• La répartition fonctionnelle des revenus désigne la part des salaires, des profits, des impôts, etc., au sein du revenu national. Chacune de ces catégories correspond à un facteur de production (travail, capital, ressources naturelles, etc.) dans une optique macroéconomique.
• La répartition personnelle des revenus indique combien d'individus ou de ménages ont des revenus compris entre telle et telle valeur. Pour permettre des comparaisons entre plusieurs pays et à des dates variables, on raisonne en pourcentage du revenu, total ou moyen, et en pourcentage d'individus concernés dans le total de la population. On dira ainsi que 7 % des individus gagnent chacun entre 1,5 et 1,7 fois le revenu moyen, ou que 5 % des individus gagnent à eux tous 14 % des revenus totaux.
Ces différentes mesures montrent que les revenus se répartissent le long d'une courbe en cloche dissymétrique : une proportion assez grande d'individus gagnent très peu, la majorité gagne moyennement et un très petit nombre gagne beaucoup. On constate que cette répartition varie relativement peu d'un pays à l'autre au sein du monde occidental et d'une décennie à la suivante. Ce résultat est paradoxal car on pourrait s'attendre à des répartitions dépendant beaucoup plus des systèmes fiscaux nationaux ou de la couleur politique des gouvernements
F. E.
➙ (V.) Pareto, revenu
Report
On peut définir le report de trois manières différentes :
(en Bourse)
Action, pour un opérateur à terme, de décaler son engagement (règlement du titre acheté) jusqu'à la liquidation suivante.
(en matière de change)
Écart positif entre le cours d'une devise et le prix d'achat de cette devise (il y a déport si l'écart est négatif).
(en comptabilité)
Poste d'attente au passif du bilan qui indique soit des bénéfices en instance d'affectation (pour lesquels la décision de mise en réserve ou de distribution n'a pas encore été prise), soit des pertes non encore déduites des réserves antérieures
J. R.
Reprise
Phase d'un cycle économique amorçant le retour de l'expansion.
La reprise économique correspond au passage d'une phase de récession ou de stagnation de l'activité (taux de croissance négatif ou nul) à une phase de croissance, mesurée par une augmentation du produit intérieur brut. Elle peut être « spontanée » (changement de comportement des agents, augmentant par exemple leur consommation) ou provenir de mesures de relance étatique (budgétaire ou monétaire)
P. B.
RES (Reprise d'une entreprise par ses salariés)
Reprise d'une entreprise par le personnel avec le recours au levier d'endettement.
Tirée de la technique américaine du LBO (leverage buy-out), la RES consiste en la création par le personnel d'une holding (société détenant des actions d'autres sociétés) qui prend le contrôle d'au moins 50 % du capital de la société. Cette technique permet aux salariés de s'endetter sans perdre pour autant le contrôle de leur entreprise
P. B.
Réseaux
Systèmes facilitant la mise en relation d'individus ou d'objets.
Les réseaux peuvent reposer sur des infrastructures physiques, comme le réseau ferroviaire ou le réseau téléphonique, ou relationnelles, comme le réseau des énarques ou des polytechniciens.
On dit aussi d'une entreprise qu'elle fonctionne en réseau lorsqu'elle a mis en place des relations durables avec d'autres entreprises (clients ou sous-traitants).
Internet est souvent appelé « réseau de réseaux » dans la mesure où il met en relation des réseaux d'ordinateurs. L'organisation en réseaux serait la principale caractéristique de la société développée du xxie siècle
A. K.
Réserves
Le poste du bilan « réserves » représente la somme des bénéfices accumulés par une entreprise depuis sa création, c'est-à-dire la somme des bénéfices obtenus diminués des bénéfices distribués (dividendes).
Soit une entreprise faisant durant une première année un bénéfice de 100, dont 40 est distribué sous forme de dividendes ; durant une deuxième année, elle fait un bénéfice de 150, dont 30 est distribué, et, durant une troisième année, un bénéfice de 120 (non encore affecté). À la fin de la troisième année, ses réserves correspondent aux bénéfices non distribués des années 1 et 2 (60 + 120), l'affectation du bénéfice de la troisième année n'étant pas connue.
Les réserves ne se confondent pas avec les bénéfices car une entreprise peut décider ou non de distribuer beaucoup de bénéfices : elles ne sont donc pas un indicateur de la rentabilité, mais de l'autofinancement de l'entreprise
J. R.
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