• la possibilité supposée de satisfaire à la fois l'exigence de l'efficacité économique et le souci de la justice sociale.
Si le New Deal de Roosevelt en a été une préfiguration dans les années 1930, le keynésianisme a surtout été appliqué avec un succès certain durant les Trente Glorieuses, faisant dire au président Richard Nixon : « Désormais, nous sommes tous keynésiens. »
P. L.
➙ Budget de l'État, fiscalité, (J. M.) Keynes, libéralisme économique, macroéconomie, stop-and-go
Kindelberg (Charles P.)
Économiste américain (né en 1910), spécialiste de l'histoire des questions monétaires et financières internationales.
Il a notamment fourni une interprétation de la crise des années 1930, mettant l'accent sur le transfert, de la Grande-Bretagne vers les États-Unis, du rôle de puissance hégémonique au plan mondial et sur les effets que cela a entraîné, en particulier du point de vue du système monétaire international (la Grande Crise mondiale : 1929-1939, 1973). Il est également l'auteur d'une Histoire financière de l'Europe occidentale (1984).
P. U.
Kondratiev (Nikolas)
Économiste russe (1892-1930), qui analysa les cycles longs de l'activité économique.
Au milieu des années 1920, N. Kondratiev étudia les mouvements longs des prix de gros et de détail, révélateurs, selon lui, des tendances de l'activité économique. Ainsi, depuis la fin du xviiie siècle, se seraient succédé des cycles longs d'activité d'une cinquantaine d'années, chaque cycle comprenant près de 25 ans de hausse de prix, suivi de près de 25 ans de baisse.
À partir de ces travaux, des historiens ont déduit l'existence de trois grands cycles du début des années 1790 à la Seconde Guerre mondiale : 1792-1850 (la hausse des prix se poursuivant jusqu'en 1815), 1850-1896 (hausse des prix jusqu'en 1873), 1896-1940 (hausse des prix jusqu'en 1920). Un quatrième cycle aurait commencé à la fin de la guerre, marqué par une forte croissance inflationniste jusqu'en 1974, et par une croissance lente, mais sans baisse de prix durant le dernier quart du xxe siècle.
P. B.
➙ Cycle économique, prix
Konzern
Regroupement d'entreprises allemandes liées entre elles par des accords financiers.
Les konzerns se constituèrent en Allemagne à la fin du xixe siècle et se renforcèrent après la Première Guerre mondiale. Ils reposaient sur des ententes entre entreprises afin de permettre une intégration verticale (rapprochement d'entreprises complémentaires, fabriquant par exemple les unes de la fonte, les autres de l'acier) ou une intégration horizontale (entre divers producteurs d'acier) dans le but d'accroître la productivité et de réduire la concurrence.
L'un des plus célèbres konzerns fut constitué dans la Ruhr par Hugo Stinnes, et comptait en 1923 plus de 1 600 entreprises. La « cartellisation obligatoire » (décrétée par Hitler en juillet 1933) renforça encore la puissance des grands groupes industriels allemands à la veille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
P. B.
➙ Concentration
Kornaï (Janos)
Économiste hongrois (né en 1928), ayant formulé une critique de l'équilibre général.
Avec son ouvrage Anti-Equilibrium (1971), il s'est imposé comme un théoricien reconnu à l'Est mais aussi à l'Ouest. Il a proposé le concept d'« écono- mie de la pénurie » pour rendre compte du fonctionnement des économies centralement planifiées : n'ayant à subir qu'une contrainte budgétaire lâche, les entreprises adoptent des comportements de rétention des ressources productives, qui aboutissent à leur pénurie.
P. U.
Krach
Effondrement soudain des cours boursiers ; faillite brutale d'une entreprise.
Le terme de krach désigne une courte période d'effondrement des cours de valeurs cotées en Bourse (comme lors du « jeudi noir », le 24 octobre 1929, durant lequel 13 millions de titres furent vendus) ; elle débouche sur une crise financière si elle se prolonge et n'est pas suivie d'un rétablissement de la confiance.
On emploie également ce terme dans le cas de la faillite d'un établissement (généralement bancaire) qui ne peut faire face aux demandes de remboursement de ses clients (krach de l'Union générale en France, en 1882).
P. B.
➙ Crise économique, faillite
Kuznets (Simon S.)
Économiste américain, né en Russie (1901-1985), prix Nobel en 1971.
Dans la lignée de W.C. Mitchell, il mena, au National Bureau of Economic Research, de nombreux travaux statistiques sur les cycles économiques et les déterminants de la croissance (Economic Growth of Nations, 1971)
P. U.
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