1. une liaison entre deux mots, deux groupes de mots ou deux propositions (généralement une adjonction ou une succession immédiate) : Il faut agir vite et bien.Je finis ce travail et je suis à vous.
2. une opposition : Tu viens d'arriver et tu veux déjà repartir ?
3. une conséquence : On l'a menacé d'un procès, et il n'a pas insisté.
4. une précision surajoutée, avec une nuance d'insistance : C'est fini, et bien fini.
5. un sentiment (étonnement, indignation, contentement de soi, etc.), en tête d'une phrase plus ou moins conclusive : Et moi qui ne me doutais de rien !
6. l'addition dans les noms de nombre composés, entre un nombre de dizaines et un (ou unième) : Vingt et un.
et
nom masculin invariable
Opérateur booléen binaire donnant la valeur si, et seulement si, les deux opérandes ont la valeur « vrai », et prenant la valeur « faux » sinon.
Expressions avec et
et
conjonction de coordination
Et/ou,
formule indiquant que les deux termes coordonnés le sont, au choix, soit par et, soit par ou.
Familier. Et d'un, et de deux, etc.,
s'ajoute parfois à chacun des termes d'une énumération, par exemple dans une argumentation.
Il y a + nom et + nom,
indique qu'on veut marquer une différence de qualité, de valeur entre des éléments de même espèce : Il y a parfum et parfum.
Homonymes de et
eh !interjection
hé !interjection
Difficultés de et
ORTHOGRAPHE
Ponctuation devant et. La conjonction et est précédée d'une virgule : 1o Lorsqu'elle coordonne deux propositions construites de manières différentes : « Vezzano n'était qu'un îlot minuscule, et les traités de navigation que j'avais feuilletés à l'Amirauté ne lui consacraient qu'une notice »(J. Gracq). 2o Pour mettre en évidence le contraste ou l'opposition entre les éléments qu'elle coordonne : je l'avoue, et même je le revendique. 3o Lorsqu'elle est précédée ou suivie d'une autre conjonction de coordination : il doit partir demain ou après-demain, et rejoindre des amis à Dijon. Aucune ponctuation ne précède et lorsque cette conjonction unit des mots ou des membres de phrase de même nature : je l'ai croisée et je l'ai saluée ; j'attendrai ton retour le jour et la nuit ; il partira demain matin et il arrivera à destination avant la nuit.
Et dans les noms de nombres. Dans les noms de nombres, et n'est pas séparé par un trait d'union des éléments qu'il coordonne : vingt et un, trente et unième.
ACCORD
Accord de l'adjectif après deux noms coordonnés par et. Si l'adjectif ne se rapporte qu'au dernier des noms coordonnés par et, il s'accorde avec ce nom : vivre d'amour et d'eau fraîche. S'il se rapporte aux deux noms, il prend la marque du pluriel : un bordeaux et un bourgogne excellents.
Accord des adjectifs coordonnés par et après un nom au pluriel. Si les adjectifs se rapportent au nom au pluriel, ils prennent la marque du pluriel : les villes françaises et allemandes proches de la frontière se ressemblent (= les villes françaises et les villes allemandes). Si le nom au pluriel peut former, avec chacun des adjectifs respectivement, un groupe au singulier, les adjectifs s'écrivent au singulier : les langues française et italienne présentent beaucoup de racines communes (= la langue française et la langue italienne).
recommandation : Il est souvent préférable, pour plus de clarté, de répéter le nom au singulier : l'équipe sud-africaine et l'équipe néo-zélandaise s'affronteront en finale.3. Accord du nom après deux adjectifs numéraux ordinaux coordonnés par et. On écrit : le dix-septième et le dix-huitième siècle (siècle est sous-entendu après dix-septième), mais : les dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles (= les siècles dix-sept et dix-huit). Le premier et le deuxième cheval, les premier et deuxième chevaux.
EMPLOI
Et dans l'expression de l'heure : midi et demi ; onze heures et quart ou onze heures un quart.
recommandation : Dans l'expression soignée, on dit plutôt onze heures et quart que onze heures un quart.
Et commercial. Dans les inscriptions commerciales (enseignes, en-têtes de lettres, cartes de visite professionnelles, etc.), il est d'usage de remplacer et par le signe &, dit «et» commercial ou esperluette : Société des ciments & chaux du Brabant-Hainaut. Marchand & frères.
remarque L'esperluette était d'un usage beaucoup plus répandu dans la typographie ancienne (XVIe-XVIIIe s.). Elle n'est plus utilisée aujourd'hui que dans le domaine commercial.
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