1. Société politique résultant de la fixation, sur un territoire délimité par des frontières, d'un groupe humain présentant des caractères plus ou moins marqués d'homogénéité culturelle et régi par un pouvoir institutionnalisé. (En droit constitutionnel, l'État est une personne morale territoriale de droit public personnifiant juridiquement la nation, titulaire de la souveraineté interne et internationale et du monopole de la contrainte organisée.)
2. Éléments centraux de l'Administration, ensemble des pouvoirs publics, par opposition aux citoyens.
Expressions avec État
Affaire d'État,
affaire qui concerne l'intérêt public ; affaire de la plus haute importance : N'en faites pas une affaire d'État.
Agents de l'État,
ensemble des personnes employées par l'État (fonctionnaires et agents contractuels).
Coup d'État,
action de force pour renverser les pouvoirs publics menée par une fraction des gouvernants. (On parle de putsch ou de pronunciamento en cas de coup d'État militaire.)
État de droit,
État dans lequel les pouvoirs publics sont effectivement soumis au respect de la légalité par voie de contrôle juridictionnel.
État failli,
État qui ne parvient pas – ou plus – à assurer les missions essentielles dévolues aux États modernes, notamment en matière de sécurité intérieure et extérieure. [On dit aussi État défaillant.] (Cette notion ne fait pas consensus, car elle est jugée par certains ambiguë et stigmatisante.)
État qui fait partie d'une organisation (européenne, internationale…) ; État qui fait partie d'un État fédéral ou d'une confédération d'États.
État-nation,
État dont les citoyens forment un peuple ou un ensemble de populations se reconnaissant comme ressortissant essentiellement d'un pouvoir souverain émanant d'eux et les exprimant.
État patron,
État considéré en tant qu'employeur.
État providence,
État qui intervient activement dans les domaines économique et social dans le but d'assurer des prestations aux citoyens (par opposition à l'État gendarme, qui se soucie uniquement de la défense, de la police, de la justice).
État souverain,
État indépendant n'ayant aucun lien de subordination avec un autre État.
Homme, femme d'État,
personne qui dirige un État ou qui exerce un rôle politique très important.
L'État c'est moi,
mot légendaire attribué à Louis XIV et communément cité comme la devise de l'absolutisme.
Raison d'État,
considération de l'intérêt public, du salut de l'État, à laquelle tout principe doit être subordonné ; considération invoquée par les gouvernants pour justifier un agissement illégal ou inconstitutionnel.
Secret d'État,
secret dont la divulgation nuirait aux intérêts de la nation.
Un État dans l'État,
groupement qui acquiert une certaine autonomie à l'intérieur d'un État ou d'un groupe dont il devrait normalement dépendre.
Avec une majuscule quand il s'agit du pays, de la nation ou de son autorité souveraine : un chef d'État, un coup d'État, un secret d'État, la raison d'État ; c'est un État né de la scission d'une province.
Avec une minuscule dans tous les autres sens : état civil, tiers état, états provinciaux.
Citations avec État
Émile Chartier, dit Alain (Mortagne-au-Perche 1868-Le Vésinet 1951) Si les locomotives étaient conduites comme l'État, le machiniste aurait une femme sur les genoux. Politique, P.U.F.
Henri Frédéric Amiel (Genève 1821-Genève 1881) Si nationalité, c'est contentement, État, c'est contrainte. Journal intime, 4 décembre 1863
Jacques Ancelot (Le Havre 1794-Paris 1854) Académie française, 1841 On ne plaisante pas avec la Préfecture. L'Important
Edmund Burke (Dublin vers 1729-Beaconsfield 1797) Un État qui n'a pas les moyens d'effectuer des changements n'a pas les moyens de se maintenir. A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation. Reflections on the Revolution in France
Pierre Corneille (Rouen 1606-Paris 1684) Le pire des États, c'est l'État populaire. Cinna, II, 1, Cinna
René Daumal (Boulzicourt, Ardennes, 1908-Paris 1944) Si le soleil ne s'éteint pas sur mes États, c'est que mon règne est d'un seul jour. Le Contre-ciel, Gallimard
Frédéric II, le Grand (Berlin 1712-Potsdam 1786) roi de Prusse Le souverain est le premier serviteur de l'État. Der Fürst ist der erste Diener des Staats.
Commentaire Cette maxime de Frédéric II fut adoptée par ses successeurs, qui en firent leur devise.
Charles de Gaulle (Lille 1890-Colombey-les-Deux-Églises 1970) Comme chef de l'État, deux choses lui* avaient manqué : qu'il fût un chef ; qu'il y eût un État. Mémoires de guerre, le Salut , Plon *il s'agit du président Albert Lebrun
Joseph Arthur, comte de Gobineau (Ville-d'Avray 1816-Turin 1882) Certains États, loin de mourir de leur perversité, en ont vécu. Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
Édouard Herriot (Troyes 1872-Saint-Genis-Laval, Rhône, 1957) Académie française, 1946 De tout temps, un homme d'État est celui qui réalise en lui la raison et l'impose au-dehors par une croyance. Dans la forêt normande, Hachette
Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov, dit Lénine (Simbirsk 1870-Gorki, près de Moscou, 1924) Chaque cuisinière doit apprendre à gouverner l'État. Les Bolcheviks conserveront-ils le pouvoir ?
Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov, dit Lénine (Simbirsk 1870-Gorki, près de Moscou, 1924) L'État - c'est nous. Compte rendu du XIe Congrès du parti communiste, 27 mars 1922
Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov, dit Lénine (Simbirsk 1870-Gorki, près de Moscou, 1924) Tant que l'État existe, pas de liberté ; quand régnera la liberté, il n'y aura plus d'État. L'État et la Révolution
Louis XIV (Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1638-Versailles 1715) roi de France L'État, c'est moi.
Commentaire L'authenticité du mot est controversée.
Prosper Mérimée (Paris 1803-Cannes 1870) Académie française, 1844 Ni les hommes d'État ni les acteurs ne se retirent à temps. Lettres, à Mme de Montijo, 11 avril 1857
Henri Monnier (Paris 1799-Paris 1877) Le char de l'État […] navigue sur un volcan. Grandeur et décadence de M. Joseph Prudhomme, III, 3, Prudhomme
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (château de Montaigne, aujourd'hui commune de Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, Dordogne, 1533-château de Montaigne, aujourd'hui commune de Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, Dordogne, 1592) Rien ne presse* un État que l'innovation : le changement donne seul forme à l'injustice et à la tyrannie. Essais, III, 9 *accable
Benito Mussolini (Dovia di Predappio, Romagne, 1883-Giulino di Mezzegra, Côme, 1945) La décadence des hiérarchies signifie la décadence des États. Article dans la revue Gerarchia 25 juin 1922 La decadenza delle gerarchie significa la decadenza degli Stati.
Napoléon Ier (Ajaccio 1769-Sainte-Hélène 1821) empereur des Français Le cœur d'un homme d'État doit être dans sa tête. Cité par Las Cases dans le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène
Lev [en français Léon] Nikolaïevitch, comte Tolstoï (Iasnaïa Poliana, gouvernement de Toula, 1828-Astapovo, gouvernement de Riazan, 1910) Le christianisme dans sa véritable signification détruit l'État. En quoi consiste ma foi
Harry S. Truman (Lamar, Missouri, 1884-Kansas City 1972) Le devoir des grands États est de servir et non de dominer le monde. Discours, 16 avril 1945 The responsibility of the great states is to serve and not to dominate the world.
Paul Valéry (Sète 1871-Paris 1945) Si l'État est fort, il nous écrase. S'il est faible nous périssons. Regards sur le monde actuel, Fluctuations sur la liberté , Gallimard
Quand vous écrivez en toutes lettres « 41 volailles », combien mettez-vous de traits d'union ?
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