7.Littéraire. Situation sociale ou professionnelle ; condition : L'état militaire.Il est avocat de son état.
Cybernétique
8. Description d'un système dynamique par l'énergie que ses organes sont capables d'emmagasiner.
Gravure et lithographie
9. Condition d'une planche aux différents stades de son exécution, depuis la première épreuve d'essai jusqu'à l'état définitif, ou état de tirage. (Il y a des épreuves de premier état, de deuxième état, etc. Dans le cas d'une gravure avec légende, on distingue les états avant la lettre, à la lettre grise, à la lettre noire.)
Informatique
10. Ensemble des informations caractérisant à un moment donné un signal, un ordinateur, etc.
condition physique de quelqu'un ; santé, prospérité de quelque chose.
Être en état de,
être dans cette situation : Être en état d'arrestation ; être en mesure de, capable de.
Être hors d'état,
être incapable de : Être hors d'état de nuire ; être inutilisable.
Familier. Être, mettre quelqu'un dans tous ses états,
être extrêmement agité, énerver, perturber quelqu'un.
Faire état de,
tenir compte de quelque chose, en faire cas, s'en prévaloir, le mentionner : Faire état d'un témoignage pour se disculper.
Mettre, tenir quelque chose en état,
le préparer, le rendre ou le garder prêt à servir.
Agriculture
État d'un sol,
aspect d'un sol en fonction de sa teneur en eau. (Il peut être sec, plastique ou liquide.)
Bâtiment et Travaux publics
État limite,
état pour lequel une condition requise pour une construction est strictement satisfaite et cesserait de l'être en cas de modification défavorable d'une action extérieure. (La théorie des états limites est la base de la vérification moderne de la sécurité des ouvrages.)
acte authentique dressé dans chaque commune par un officier de l'état civil et qui fournit une preuve certaine de l'état des personnes (acte de naissance, de mariage, de décès, de reconnaissance d'un enfant naturel, etc.).
Action d'état,
action en justice portant sur l'état d'une personne (action en réclamation ou en contestation d'état, action en divorce, etc.).
ensemble des qualités qui assignent à une personne sa place dans la société et la différencient des autres au point de vue de la jouissance et de l'exercice des droits civils ; service public chargé des actes de l'état civil dans chaque commune.
État des personnes,
ensemble des règles qui déterminent l'existence juridique et la situation familiale d'une personne dans la société (nationalité, mariage, filiation). [L'état des personnes, impérativement attaché à la personne, est indisponible, imprescriptible et indivisible.]
Fiche d'état civil,
fiche relative à l'état civil d'une personne (fiche individuelle d'état civil) ou d'une famille (fiche familiale d'état civil) et autrefois délivrée à la mairie (jusqu'en 2000).
Officier de l'état civil,
dans chaque commune, le maire, seul compétent pour délivrer des actes de l'état civil et responsable des registres de l'état civil, tenus en double et dont l'un est envoyé chaque année au greffe du tribunal de grande instance. (Le maire peut déléguer ses pouvoirs à un adjoint ou à un conseiller municipal.)
Possession d'état,
exercice par une personne des prérogatives attachées à sa situation sociale ou professionnelle. (La possession d'état comporte le nom, le traitement, la renommée.)
Hydrologie
État de la mer,
expression de l'agitation de la mer définie numériquement soit par un degré de l'échelle de Douglas, soit par la hauteur de la vague significative, soit par le spectre de la houle.
Linguistique
État de langue,
système dégagé à partir de l'étude synchronique d'une langue, c'est-à-dire sa grammaire et son lexique à un certain moment de son histoire.
Verbe d'état,
verbe exprimant que le sujet de la phrase est dans un état donné (par exempleêtre, devenir, paraître, etc.).
Médecine
Période d'état,
phase d'une maladie qui succède à la phase initiale d'installation (d'invasion) et pendant laquelle les phénomènes morbides sont relativement stables dans leur ensemble.
Physique
État de la matière,
manière d'être d'un corps, relative à sa cohésion, à sa fluidité (états solide, liquide, gazeux), à l'arrangement de ses atomes ou molécules (états amorphe, cristallin, mésomorphe), à l'ionisation de ses atomes (états neutre, ionisé), etc.
État d'un système,
ensemble des caractéristiques d'un système nécessaires et suffisantes à sa description et à la prévision de son évolution.
Psychanalyse et Psychiatrie
État limite,
structure pathologique de la personnalité caractérisée par la combinaison de troubles psychotiques, névrotiques et caractériels, auxquels sont juxtaposés des éléments normaux. (La validité de ce concept n'est pas reconnue par certains auteurs.)
Sylviculture
Bois en état,
arbre debout.
Thermodynamique
Équation d'état,
relation existant à l'équilibre entre les divers paramètres macroscopiques d'un système (température, volume, pression, énergie, nombre de particules).
Fonction d'état,
grandeur physique qui ne dépend que de l'état thermodynamique d'un système et non de son évolution antérieure.
états
nom masculin pluriel
États de bailliage ou de sénéchaussée,
assemblées réunies aux xive et xve s., dans le cadre des bailliages et des sénéchaussées, et comprenant en général des représentants des trois ordres. (Cette institution tomba en complète désuétude au xviie s.)
assemblées convoquées par le roi de France et composées des représentants de toutes les provinces du royaume appartenant aux trois ordres (clergé, noblesse, tiers état).
Avec une majuscule quand il s'agit du pays, de la nation ou de son autorité souveraine : un chef d'État, un coup d'État, un secret d'État, la raison d'État ; c'est un État né de la scission d'une province.
Avec une minuscule dans tous les autres sens : état civil, tiers état, états provinciaux.
Citations avec état
André Breton (Tinchebray, Orne, 1896-Paris 1966) L'œil existe à l'état sauvage. Le Surréalisme et la Peinture, Gallimard
Auguste Comte (Montpellier 1798-Paris 1857) [Les trois états successifs de toute pensée et de toute connaissance] : l'état théologique, ou fictif ; l'état métaphysique, ou abstrait ; l'état scientifique, ou positif. Cours de philosophie positive
Remy de Gourmont (Bazoches-au-Houlme, Orne, 1858-Paris 1915) La civilisation est un produit naturel, tout comme l'état sauvage ; ce sont des fleurs différentes poussées dans la même forêt. Promenades littéraires, Mercure de France
Jean-Baptiste Massillon (Hyères 1663-Beauregard-l'Évêque, Puy-de-Dôme, 1742) Académie française, 1719 De toutes les circonstances de la vie, le choix d'un état est celle où la méprise est plus ordinaire. Sermons, Sur la vocation
Alexandre Vinet (Ouchy 1797-Clarens 1847) Les individus sont sortis de l'état sauvage, les nations y sont restées. Philosophie et morale sociale
Quand la route est pleine de bosses et d'ornières, on dit qu'elle est :
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